In an offence of assisting another to retain the benefit of criminal conduct the burden of proof did not shift to the defence. It was for the prosecution to make the jury sure that the appellant knew or believed that the person assisted had been engaged in or benefited from criminal conduct, and for the appellant to establish on the balance of probabilities that he did not.

CA (Crim Div) (Clarke LJ, Judge Norman Jones QC, Sir Charles McCullough)

16/11/1998