Criminals should be forced to carry out more work to "pay back" communities they harm, according to a report by a charity published on Thursday.
The £3m Rethinking Crime and Punishment (RCP) research project wants reforms including schemes where locals decide what community work offenders do.
"It is time for a radical rethink of crime and punishment," spokesman Joe Levenson said.
The RCP report concludes: "Pay back should be central to punishment."